Recognition and treatment of peri-implant mucositis: Do we have the right perception? A structured review.

Peri-implant mucositis is a common inflammatory lesion of the soft tissues surrounding endosseous implants, with no loss of the supporting bone. Its prevention or early diagnosis are vital for dental implant success.The aim of this review was to investigate knowledge strengths and gaps in clinicians' perceptions of periimplant mucositis prevalence and evidence for successful treatment.A literature search for articles published until 2020, reporting on the prevalence of peri-implant mucositis and its treatment was performed in standard online databases. The inclusion criteria were as follows: studies in English; studies with an available abstract; studies on humans with at least 1 dental implant; and studies reporting on the prevalence and/or treatment of peri-implant mucositis. Sixty-five studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The included papers were analyzed to identify data on the prevalence and treatment of peri-implant mucositis. The prevalence statistics for peri-implant mucositis had wide ranges in both the patient-based (PB) analysis and the implant-based (IB) analysis; the possible reasons for these wide ranges are discussed. Treatment methods for peri-implant mucositis were analyzed individually and compared to the management of gingivitis.It was determined that the currently available information on the prevalence rates and the standardized therapeutic protocols for peri-implant mucositis are insufficient. Since the mean gingivitis and peri-implant mucositis prevalence rates in the PB analysis were similar, it is possible that peri-implant mucositis is underestimated due to variables related to implant rehabilitation itself.

Histological and micro-CT analysis of peri-implant soft and hard tissue healing on implants with different healing abutments configurations.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different abutment configurations on peri-implant soft and hard tissue healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-piece dental implants, 3.5 mm in diameter and 8 mm in length, were placed in four beagle dogs. Two different transmucosal healing abutment configurations were randomly selected: one with a wide emergence profile (WE) (45° angulation with implant long axis) and the other with a narrow emergence profile (NE) (15° angulation with implant long axis). After four months of healing, the animals were sacrificed. Micro-CT scans were taken for mesio-distal analysis; subsequently, the biopsies were prepared for bucco-lingual histometric analyses. Several measurements were taken using the following reference points: marginal mucosal level (MML), apical barrier epithelium (aBE), implant shoulder (IS), marginal bone crest (BC), and first bone-to-implant contact (fBIC). RESULTS: In the micro-CT analysis, the distance from IS-fBIC was 1.11 ± 0.66 mm for WE and 0.12 ± 0.21 mm for NE (p = 0.004). The IS-BC of WE was -0.54 ± 0.80 mm, whereas NE presented 0.76 ± 0.48 mm (p = 0.002). The histometric analysis showed that both groups presented comparable dimensions of peri-implant biologic width (p > 0.05). However, in the distance from IS to BC, the WE showed a mean distance of -0.66 ± 0.78 mm while NE was 0.06 ± 0.42 mm (p = 0.039); the IS to fBIC was 0.89 ± 0.68 mm for WE while NE was 0.30 ± 0.30 mm (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION: The design of the transmucosal component can influence the establishment of the peri-implant biologic width. The flat and wide emergence profile induced an apical displacement of the peri-implant biologic width and more bone loss.

Cellular fluid shear stress on implant surfaces-establishment of a novel experimental set up.

BACKGROUND: Mechanostimuli of different cells can affect a wide array of cellular and inter-cellular biological processes responsible for dental implant healing. The purpose of this in vitro study was to establish a new test model to create a reproducible flow-induced fluid shear stress (FSS) of osteoblast cells on implant surfaces. METHODS: As FSS effects on osteoblasts are detectable at 10 dyn/cm2, a custom-made flow chamber was created. Computer-aided verification of circulation processes was performed. In order to verify FSS effects, cells were analysed via light and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: Utilising computer-aided simulations, the underside of the upper plate was considered to have optimal conditions for cell culturing. At this site, a flow-induced orientation of osteoblast cell clusters and an altered cell morphology with cellular elongation and alteration of actin fibres in the fluid flow direction was detected. CONCLUSIONS: FSS simulation using this novel flow chamber might mimic the peri-implant situation in the phase of loaded implant healing. With this FSS flow chamber, osteoblast cells' sensitivity to FSS was verified in the form of morphological changes and cell re-clustering towards the direction of the flow. Different shear forces can be created simultaneously in a single experiment.

Evidence that Osteocytes in Autogenous Bone Fragments can Repair Disrupted Canalicular Networks and Connect with Osteocytes in de novo Formed Bone on the Fragment Surface.

Autogenous bone fragments generated during surgery (e.g. implant site preparation) accelerate bone formation by the release of a large variety of growth factors from the extracellular matrix and the cells contained within. Osteocytes, whether viable or apoptotic, within such fragments are able to recruit osteoclasts to a site of bone remodelling. Here, using correlative scanning electron microscopy, we provide compelling evidence that at one week healing in the Sprague Dawley rat tibia, following surgery (and/or the placement of a bone-anchored implant), autogenous bone fragments support bone formation on their surface. Furthermore, osteocytes within the autogenous fragments are frequently able to repair the disrupted canalicular networks and appear to connect with osteocytes (or osteoblastic-osteocytes) in the de novo formed bone on the surface of the fragment.

Patients' perceptions of implant placement surgery, the post-surgical healing and the transitional implant prostheses: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore patients' thoughts, feelings about, and experiences of, implant placement surgery (IPS), the post-surgical healing stage and the immediate post-surgical transitional implant prosthesis (TIP) (fixed and removable). METHODS: A qualitative study design was chosen and 38 semi-structured telephone and face-to-face interviews were conducted with 34 patients at different stages of implant treatment. The interviews were transcribed verbatim; the data collection and coding process followed the principles of thematic analysis, which was facilitated through the use of NVivo10. RESULTS: Patients anticipated that surgery would be painful and unpleasant but were prepared to accept this temporary discomfort for the expected benefits of implant treatment. However, a key finding was that patients felt they had overestimated the trauma of surgery but underestimated the discomfort and difficulties of the healing phase. A number of difficulties were also identified with the TIP phase following implant surgery. CONCLUSION: Existing research has tended to focus on the longer term benefits of dental implant treatment. This qualitative study has investigated in-depth patients' perceptions of dental implant surgery, including their experiences related to sedation, and of transitional implant restoration. While patients felt their concerns were overestimated in relation to the implant surgery, they experienced greater morbidity than they expected in the healing phase. Recommendations are made for relatively small changes in care provision which might improve the overall patient experience. Partial dentate patients treated with a fixed transitional prosthesis experienced advantages more quickly than patients with an overdenture.

Eficacia de la hidroxiapatita en la cicatrización de injertos oseos e implantes dentales: una revisión sistemática de la literatura / Hydroxyapatite effectiveness in the healing of bone and implants dental implants: a systematic review of the literature

La hidroxiapatita (HA) es un componente mineral del hueso. Se ha comercializado la HA sintética o aloplástica en forma porosa o no porosa, densa y reabsorbible o no reabsorbible. Se utiliza como injerto óseo dada sus propiedades osteoconductivas y estimuladoras de proliferación celular generando así condiciones favorables para la regeneración tisular. El objetivo de éste trabajo es evaluar la efectividad del tratamiento con HA en cirugías de implantes dentales e injertos óseos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática. Se revisó ensayos clínicos sobre cicatrización y los injertos de HA sintética en Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Google Académico, Blackwell y Ebsco. Los criterios de selección son pacientes candidatos a tratamientos de defectos periodontales o rehabilitación con implantes dentales, sin alteraciones sistémicas de importancia. La estrategia se resume en los siguientes puntos: Identificación del problema, Identificación de términos de búsqueda, Búsqueda sistemática, Selección de artículos mediante utilización de guías de análisis crítico, Incorporación de la información al REVMAN®, Análisis de sesgos y Meta análisis. Al evaluar el metaanálisis se observa que la HA es efectiva para la cicatrización de injerto óseo. Cuando se omiten los estudios de bajo peso, la medida de resumen se mantiene en la HA. El tratamiento con HA en la cicatrización ósea y de implantes dentales resulta positivo y con una alta tasa de éxito en el largo plazo aunque su rango de efectividad varía con los materiales a los cuales ésta se asocie.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a mineral component of bone. Hydroxyapatite has been marketed as synthetic or alloplastic, porous or nonporous, dense and resorbable or non-resorbable form. It is used as bone graft due to its osteoconductive properties and stimulation of cell proliferation, generating favorable conditions for tissue regeneration. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment with HA in dental implant surgeries and bone grafts. We conducted a systematic review. Clinical trials on healing and graft of synthetic hydroxyapatite were reviewed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Blackwell and Ebsco. The selection criteria was: patient candidates for treatment of periodontal defects or rehabilitation with dental implants without significant systemic abnormalities. The strategy is summarized in the following: Identification of the problem, identifying search terms, systematic search and selection of articles by using critical analysis guides, Incorporating REVMAN ® information, unbiased analysis, and Meta-analysis. Assessing the meta-analysis shows that the HA is effective for healing bone graft. When omitting low weight studies, the summary measure remains in the HA. Treatment with HA in bone healing and dental implants, is positive with a high rate of success in the long term, although its effective range varies according to the materials to which it is associated.

Eficacia de la Hidroxiapatita en la Cicatrización de Injertos Óseos e Implantes Dentales: una Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura / Hydroxyapatite Effectiveness in Healing of Bone Grafts and Dental Implants: A Systematic Review of the Literature

La hidroxiapatita (HA) es un componente mineral del hueso. Se ha comercializado la HA sintética o aloplástica en forma porosa o no porosa, densa y reabsorbible o no reabsorbible. Se utiliza como injerto óseo dada sus propiedades osteoconductivas y estimuladoras de proliferación celular generando así condiciones favorables para la regeneración tisular. El objetivo fue evaluar la efectividad del tratamiento con HA en cirugías de implantes dentales e injertos óseos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática. Se revisó ensayos clínicos sobre cicatrización y los injertos de HA sintética en Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Google Académico, Blackwell y Ebsco. Los criterios de selección son pacientes candidatos a tratamientos de defectos periodontales o rehabilitación con implantes dentales, sin alteraciones sistémicas de importancia. La estrategia se resume en los siguientes puntos: Identificación del problema, Identificación de términos de búsqueda, Búsqueda sistemática, Selección de artículos mediante utilización de guías de análisis crítico, Incorporación de la información al REVMAN®, Análisis de sesgos y Metaanálisis. Al evaluar el metaanálisis se observa que la HA es efectiva para la cicatrización de injerto óseo. Cuando se omiten los estudios de bajo peso, la medida de resumen se mantiene en la HA. El tratamiento con HA en la cicatrización ósea y de implantes dentales resulta positivo y con una alta tasa de éxito en el largo plazo aunque su rango de efectividad varía con los materiales a los cuales ésta se asocie.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a mineral component of bone. The hydroxyapatite has been marketed: synthetic or alloplastic, as porous or nonporous, dense and resorbable or non-resorbable. These are used as bone graft due to their osteoconductive properties and stimulation of cell proliferation that generate favorable conditions for tissue regeneration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment with HA in dental implant surgeries and bone grafts. We conducted a systematic review and studied clinical trials on healing and graft of synthetic hydroxyapatite in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Blackwell and Ebsco. Selection criteria were: patient's candidate to treatment of periodontal defects or rehabilitation with dental implants without significant systemic abnormalities. The strategy is summarized in the following: Identification of the problem, identifying search terms, systematic search and selection of articles by using critical analysis guides, incorporating REVMAN® information, unbiased analysis, and Meta-analysis. Our results indicate that assessing the meta-analysis shows that the HA is effective for healing bone graft. When omitting low weight studies, the summary measure remains in the HA. In conclusion, treatment with HA in bone healing and dental implants is positive with a high success rate in the long term, although its effective range varies with the materials to which it is associated.